It is presumed to result in an interaction between passively applied sensory enhancement and spinal cord reflex pathways assessed by traditional methods.ĭuring locomotor activities, sensory feedback from cutaneous receptors plays a crucial role in modulating muscle activity to adapt to changes in the environment and prevent tripping and falling, such as “stumble corrective response”. These results suggest that sensory input from compression apparel could affect movement accuracy and joint sensitivity at where compression is applied. Modulation of group Ia presynaptic inhibition is the presumed spinal mechanism for these effects. Another study found that compression sleeves worn across the elbow improved accuracy of reaching and neural excitability at rest, during discrete reaching, and in a rhythmic arm cycling task.
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compared performance in an elbow flexion/extension visuomotor tracking task and found significantly better performance in the group wearing an upper body full sleeve compression garment. The authors suggested the enhancement is likely due to reduced muscle oscillation and enhanced joint awareness.
Kraemer and colleagues found improved power output in repetitive vertical jumps when participants wearing compression shorts. The potential effects of altered sensory feedback from compression garments on motor performance have been proposed in several studies. One of the major physiological changes caused by compression garments is altered sensory feedback. The mechanisms of these effects and relationships to sensory feedback are not currently well understood. Compression garments, such as socks or leggings, are used in different activities for putative performance benefits, like increased anaerobic threshold during running, greater power output in jump tests after fatigue, and improved post-exercise recovery.
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Sensory feedback from receptors in the skin and muscles play important roles in regulating movement. Our findings suggest sensory enhancement from compression garments modifies spinal cord excitability during walking and improves performance in balance recovery after virtual perturbation. In dynamic balance tests, time and integrated EMG for recovering from virtual perturbation were significantly reduced when wearing calf compression socks and the ankle sleeve. ResultsĬompared to control socks, altered cutaneous reflexes and biomechanical responses were observed in all the conditions during walking. Electromyography of ankle dorsiflexor tibialis anterior, plantarflexor medial gastrocnemius and evertor peroneus longus were measured bilaterally along with kinematic data from knee and ankle and kinetics under the right (stimulated) foot.
During walking, electrical stimulations were delivered to three discrete locations on the dorsal (ankle crease, forefoot medial) and plantar (forefoot medial) surfaces of the foot in separate trials with each garment. Twelve participants completed walking and balance tasks wearing four types of garments: 1) non-compression (control) socks 2) ankle compression socks 3) calf-compression socks and, 4) customized ankle sleeves. The current project aimed to determine whether enhanced sensory input from wearing compression socks could affect: 1) spinal cord excitability (as measured by cutaneous reflexes from stimulation at the top or bottom of the foot during locomotion) 2) static balance performance and, 3) dynamic balance performance following virtual perturbations.
However, it is not clear whether enhancement of sensory feedback with compression socks can alter the neuromuscular excitability of muscles in the leg and amplify balance performance and walking. Cutaneous stimulation of the foot skin produces location-specific reflexes in the lower limb that guide foot placement during locomotion. Previous studies show that compression sleeves worn at the elbow change neuromuscular control and improve performance during reaching movement. Compression garments are generally used for their potential benefits in exercise performance and post-exercise recovery.
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